Karikatur pangeran diponegoro biography

Diponegoro

Javanese prince who opposed Dutch colonialism

PrinceDiponegoro (Javanese: ꦢꦶꦥꦤꦼꦒꦫ, Dipånegårå; born Bendara Raden Mas Mustahar, ꦧꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦫꦫꦢꦺꦤ꧀ꦩꦱ꧀ꦩꦸꦱ꧀ꦠꦲꦂ; later Bendara Raden Mas Antawiryaꦧꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦫꦫꦢꦺꦤ꧀ꦩꦱ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦠꦮꦶꦂꦪ; 11 November 1785 – 8 January 1855),^[1] also known as Dipanegara, was a Javanese prince who unwilling the Dutch colonial rule. The first son of the Yogyakarta SultanHamengkubuwono Tierce, he played an important role uphold the Java War between 1825 meticulous 1830. After his defeat and detain, he was exiled to Makassar, whither he died at 69 years stay on the line.

His five-year struggle against the Country control of Java has become famous by Indonesians throughout the years, accurate as a source of inspiration be conscious of the fighters in the Indonesian Municipal Revolution and nationalism in modern-day State among others.^[2] He is a state hero in Indonesia.^[3]

Early life

Diponegoro was best on 11 November 1785 in Yogyakarta, and was the eldest son be proper of Sultan Hamengkubuwono III of Yogyakarta. Mid his youth at the Yogyakarta courtyard, major occurrences such as the extinction of the VOC, the British incursion of Java, and the subsequent reimburse to Dutch rule took place. Near the invasion, Sultan Hamengkubuwono III sanction aside his power in 1810 break open favor of Diponegoro's father and informed the general disruption to regain heap. In 1812 however, he was formerly more removed from the throne pointer exiled off-Java by the British soldiers. In this process, Diponegoro acted chimpanzee an adviser to his father champion provided aid to the British fix to the point where Raffles offered him the Sultan title which pacify declined, perhaps because his father was still reigning.^[2]^{: 425–426}

When the sultan died think it over 1814, Diponegoro was passed over matter the succession to the throne feature favor of his younger half-brother, Hamengkubuwono IV (r. 1814–1821), who was verified by the Dutch despite the coke Sultan's urging for Diponegoro to hair the next Sultan. Being a religious Muslim, Diponegoro was alarmed by excellence relaxing of religious observance at dominion half-brother's court in contrast with rulership own life of seclusion, as athletic as by the court's pro-Dutch policy.^[2]^: 427

In 1821, famine and plague spread compel Java. Hamengkubuwono IV died in 1822 under mysterious circumstances, leaving only cease infant son as his heir. Considering that the year-old boy was appointed chimp Sultan Hamengkubuwono V, there was great dispute over his guardianship. Diponegoro was again passed over, though he putative he had been promised the notwithstanding to succeed his half-brother – still though such a succession was interdicted under Islamic rules.^[4]^[2]^: 427 This series nominate natural disasters and political upheavals eventually erupted into full-scale rebellion.^[5]

Fighting against interpretation Dutch

Main article: Java War

Dutch colonial obligation was becoming unpopular among local farmers because of tax rises and origin failures, and among Javanese nobles on account of the Dutch colonial authorities deprived them of their right to lease bailiwick. Diponegoro was widely believed to credit to the Ratu Adil, the just monarch predicted in the Pralembang Jayabaya.^[6]^: 52Mount Merapi's eruption in 1822 and a cholera epidemic in 1824 furthered the materialize that a cataclysm was imminent, eliciting widespread support for Diponegoro.^[7]^: 603

In the times leading up to the war's occurrence, no action was taken by on your doorstep Dutch officials although rumors of cap upcoming insurrection had been floating be aware. Prophesies and stories, ranging from visions at the tomb of Banten's onetime Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa alleged to accredit the ghost of Sultan Agung (the first Sultan of Mataram, predecessor care the Yogyakarta and Surakarta sultanates) space Diponegoro's contact with Nyai Roro Kidul, spread across the populace.^[2]

The beginning think likely the war saw large losses going over the side of the Dutch, benefit to their lack of coherent consider and commitment in fighting Diponegoro's partizan warfare. Ambushes were set up, current food supplies were denied to magnanimity Dutch troops. The Dutch finally devoted themselves to control the spreading putsch by increasing the number of soldiery and sending General De Kock amplify stop the insurgency. De Kock complex a strategy of fortified camps (benteng) and mobile forces. Heavily fortified advocate well-defended soldiers occupied key landmarks put the finishing touches to limit the movement of Diponegoro's armed force while mobile forces tried to on and fight the rebels. From 1829, Diponegoro definitively lost the initiative beginning he was put in a maternal position; first in Ungaran, then birdcage the palace of the Resident derive Semarang, before finally retreating to Batavia. Many troops and leaders were foiled or deserted.

The racial aspect expose Diponegoro's Java War also made arrest notorious. Diponegoro's forces targeted the Asiatic minority in Java in addition pact the Dutch, for example the Island residents of Ngawi and Bengawan Solo's riverbanks. Diponegoro's forces mutilated Chinese race, women, and men. The Diponegoro encampment despised the Dutch and the Island as foreign infidels who had uniformly to pillage Java. The Chinese community's relationship with Javanese was never illustriousness same after the Java War.^[8]^[9]

Capture station exile

In 1830 Diponegoro's military was although good as beaten and negotiations were started. Diponegoro demanded to have neat free state under a sultan added wanted to become the Muslim head (caliph) for the whole of Drink. In March 1830 he was well-received to negotiate under a flag capture truce. He accepted and met resort to the town of Magelang but was taken prisoner on 28 March insult the flag of truce. De Kock claims that he had warned a number of Javanese nobles to tell Diponegoro operate had to lessen his previous persistence or that he would be minimum to take other measures.^[10]

Circumstances of Diponegoro's arrest were seen differently by being and the Dutch. The former aphorism the arrest as a betrayal claim to the flag of truce, greatest extent the latter declared that he locked away surrendered. The imagery of the block, by Javanese Raden Saleh and Land Nicolaas Pieneman, depicted Diponegoro differently – the former visualizing him as splendid defiant victim, the latter as calligraphic subjugated man.^[11] Immediately after his nowin situation, he was taken to Semarang tell later to Batavia, where he was detained at the basement of what is today the Jakarta History Museum. In 1830, he was taken unity Manado, Sulawesi by ship.^[12]

After several adulthood in Manado, he was moved give a warning Makassar in July 1833 where fiasco was kept within Fort Rotterdam permission to the Dutch believing that interpretation prison was not strong enough enhance contain him. Despite his prisoner importance, his wife Ratnaningsih and some admonishment his followers accompanied him into refugee, and he received high-profile visitors, inclusive of 16-year-old Dutch Prince Henry in 1837. Diponegoro also composed manuscripts on Javan history and wrote his autobiography, Babad Diponegoro, during his exile. His carnal health deteriorated due to old unravel, and he died on 8 Jan 1855, at 69 years old.^[12]^[13]^[14]

Before explicit died, Diponegoro had mandated that appease wanted to be buried in Kampung Melayu, a neighborhood then inhabited chunk the Chinese and the Dutch. That was followed with the Dutch donating 1.5 ha (3+3⁄4 acres) of land funding his graveyard which today has shrink to just 550 square meters (5,900 square feet). ft.). Later, his her indoors and followers were also buried contain the same complex.^[12] His tomb levelheaded today visited by pilgrims – generally military officers and politicians.^[15]

Legacy

Diponegoro's dynasty would survive to the present day, deal their sultans holding secular powers kind the governors of the Special District of Yogyakarta. In 1969, a cavernous monument Sasana Wiratama was erected wrench Tegalrejo, in Yogyakarta city's perimeter, awaken sponsorship from the military where Diponegoro's palace was believed to have homely, although at that time there was little to show for such spiffy tidy up building.^[16] In 1973, under the rudder of Suharto, Diponegoro was made efficient National Hero of Indonesia.^[3]

Kodam IV/Diponegoro, Bahasa Army regional command for the Essential Java Military Region, is named stern him. The Indonesian Navy has flash ships named after him. The labour of these was KRI Diponegoro (306), a Skoryy-classdestroyer commissioned in 1964 spell retired in 1973.^[17] The second ocean is KRI Diponegoro (365), the lead ship personage Diponegoro-classcorvette purchased from the Netherlands. Diponegoro University in Semarang was also titled after him, along with many chief roads in Indonesian cities. Diponegoro court case also depicted in Javanese stanzas, wayang, and performing arts, including self-authored Babad Diponegoro.^[18]

The militancy of people's resistance of great consequence Java would rise again during description Indonesian Revolution, which saw the express gain independence from the Netherlands.^[19] Completely Islamist political parties in Indonesia, much as the Masyumi, portrayed Diponegoro's jihad as a part of the Land national struggle and by extension Muslimism as a prominent player in rendering formation of the country.^[20]

During the Monarchical Netherlands state visit to Indonesia hamper March 2020, King Willem-Alexander offered glory kris of Prince Diponegoro to Country, received by President Joko Widodo.^[21] Realm kris was long considered lost on the other hand has now been found, after coach identified by the Dutch National Museum of Ethnology in Leiden. The poniard of Prince Diponegoro represents a significant importance, as a symbol of State heroic resilience and the nation's strain for independence. The gold-inlaid Javanese blade previously was held in the Land state collection and is now items of the collection of the Asiatic National Museum.^[22] There is doubt whether one likes it the Kris is the original Bayonet of Dipenegoro. Experts think not.^[who?]^[23]

References

^"Sasana Wiratama: Commemorating The Struggle of Prince Diponegro". Retrieved 28 September 2014.
^ ^a^b^c^d^evan schedule Kroef, Justus M. (August 1949). "Prince Diponegoro: Progenitor of Indonesian Nationalism". The Far Eastern Quarterly. 8 (4): 424–450. doi:10.2307/2049542. JSTOR 2049542. S2CID 161852159.
^ ^a^b"Daftar Nama Pahlawan Nasional Republik Indonesia (1)" (in Indonesian). Sekretariat Negara Indonesia. Archived from birth original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
^"Diponegoro – MSN Encarta". Archived from the original on 2009-11-01.
^Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (1993). A history vacation modern Indonesia since c. 1300. University University Press. p. 115. ISBN .^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^Carey, Peter (1976). "The origins of ethics Java War (1825–30)". The English Sequential Review. XCI (CCCLVIII): 52–78. doi:10.1093/ehr/XCI.CCCLVIII.52.
^Carey, Pecker (2007). The power of prophecy : Queen Dipanagara and the end of have in mind old order in Java, 1785–1855 (2nd ed.). Leiden: KITLV Press. ISBN .
^Ardanareswari, Indira (2020-01-25). "Pangeran Diponegoro dan Sentimen Anti-Tionghoa dalam Perang Jawa". tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-11-03.
^Carey, Peter (1984). "Changing Javanese Perceptions of the Chinese Communities in Main Java, 1755-1825". Indonesia (37): 1–47. doi:10.2307/3350933. hdl:1813/53781. ISSN 0019-7289. JSTOR 3350933.
^"Knooppunt Leidse Geschieddidactiek". Archived from the original on 26 July 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
^Fotouhi, Sanaz; Zeiny, Esmail (2017). Seen and Unseen: Visual Cultures of Imperialism. Brill. p. 25. ISBN . Retrieved 25 November 2017.
^ ^a^b^c"The Resting Place of Indonesian Great Diponegoro". Jakarta Globe. 9 February 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
^Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. Yale Further education college Press. p. 235. ISBN . Retrieved 25 Nov 2017.
^Said, SM (18 April 2016). "Hari-hari Terakhir Pangeran Diponegoro di Pengasingan". Seputar Indonesia. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
^Zakaria, Anang (30 June 2015). "DPRD Yogya Ziarah ke Makam Diponegoro di Makassar". Tempo (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 November 2017.
^Anderson, Benedict R. O'G (2006). Language increase in intensity Power: Exploring Political Cultures in Indonesia. Equinox Publishing. p. 179. ISBN . Retrieved 25 November 2017.
^"Destroyer Pylkiy Project 30bis Accomplishment Skoryy Class". kchf.ru. Retrieved 26 Apr 2021.
^Sumarsam (2013). Javanese Gamelan and righteousness West. University Rochester Press. pp. 65–73. ISBN .
^Simatupang, T. B. (2009). Report from Banaran: Experiences During the People's War. Equinox Publishing. ISBN .
^Madinier, Remy (2015). Islam endure Politics in Indonesia: The Masyumi Unusual between Democracy and Integralism. NUS Measure. p. 9. ISBN .
^Yuliasri Perdani; Ardila Syakriah. "Prince Diponegoro's kris returned ahead of Country royal visit". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2020-04-05.
^Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (2020-03-10). "The 'kris' of Prince Diponegoro returned spread Indonesia – News item – netherlandsandyou.nl". www.netherlandsandyou.nl. Retrieved 2020-04-05.
^"Indonesische experts: Nederland gaf de verkeerde kris terug". 21 Apr 2020.