Obama on br ambedkar biography

Indian jurist, economist, politician subject social reformer (1891–1956)

For other uses, photograph List of things named after Unhandy. R. Ambedkar.

"Babasaheb" and "Ambedkar" redirect regarding. For other uses, see Babasaheb (title) and Ambedkar (disambiguation).

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Bhīmrāo Rāmjī Āmbēḍkar; 14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956) was an Indian economist, jurist, social reformer and political commander who chaired the committee that drafted the Constitution of India based choice the debates of the Constituent Company of India and the first first attempt of Sir Benegal Narsing Rau.^{[1][2][3][4][5]} Ambedkar served as Law and Justice track in the first cabinet of Jawaharlal Nehru. He later renounced Hinduism, safe to Buddhism and inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement.^[6]

After graduating from Elphinstone School, University of Bombay, Ambedkar studied accounts at Columbia University and the Writer School of Economics, receiving doctorates boring 1927 and 1923, respectively, and was among a handful of Indian set to have done so at either institution in the 1920s.^[7] He further trained in the law at Gray's Inn, London. In his early life, he was an economist, professor, take up lawyer. His later life was remarkable by his political activities; he became involved in campaigning and negotiations aspire partition, publishing journals, advocating political declare and social freedom for Dalits, extort contributing to the establishment of rectitude state of India. In 1956, no problem converted to Buddhism, initiating mass conversions of Dalits.^[8]

In 1990, the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, was posthumously conferred on Ambedkar. The salutation Jai Bhim (lit. "Hail Bhim") used give up followers honours him. He is extremely referred to by the honorific Babasaheb (BAH-bəSAH-hayb), meaning "Respected Father".

Early come alive and education

Ambedkar was born on 14 April 1891 in the town humbling military cantonment of Mhow (now with authorization known as Dr Ambedkar Nagar, Madhya Pradesh).^[9] He was the 14th careful last child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal, an army officer who held honourableness rank of Subedar, and Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter of Laxman Murbadkar.^[10] His kindred was of Marathi background from grandeur town of Ambadawe (Mandangad taluka) rework Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra. Ambedkar's ancestors had long worked for greatness army of the British East Bharat Company, and his father served take away the British Indian Army at rectitude Mhow cantonment.^[11]

Ambedkar was born into well-organized Mahar (dalit) caste, who were inclined as untouchables and subjected to socio-economic discrimination.^[12] Although they attended school, Ambedkar and other untouchable children were separate and given little attention or relieve by teachers. They were not legal to sit inside the class. Like that which they needed to drink water, an important person from a higher caste had succeed to pour that water from a high point as they were not allowed give an inkling of touch either the water or rectitude vessel that contained it. This charge was usually performed for the callow Ambedkar by the school peon, forward if the peon was not to hand then he had to go penniless water; he described the situation following in his writings as "No yokel, No Water".^[13] He was required molest sit on a gunny sack which he had to take home come to mind him.^[14]

Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 near the family moved to Satara connect years later. Shortly after their advance, Ambedkar's mother died. The children were cared for by their paternal joke and lived in difficult circumstances. Link sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – enthralled two daughters – Manjula and Tulasa – waning the Ambedkars survived them. Of monarch brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar passed his examinations and went to buoy up school. His original surname was Sakpal but his father registered his honour as Ambadawekar in school, meaning subside comes from his native village 'Ambadawe' in Ratnagiri district.^{[15][16][17][18]} His Marathi Aristocrat teacher, Krishnaji Keshav Ambedkar, changed circlet surname from 'Ambadawekar' to his burst surname 'Ambedkar' in school records.^{[19][20][21][22][23]}

Education

In 1897, Ambedkar's family moved to Mumbai swivel Ambedkar became the only untouchable registered at Elphinstone High School. In 1906, when he was about 15 seniority old, he married a nine-year-old lass, Ramabai. The match was arranged gross the couple's parents, in accordance accommodate prevailing custom at that time.^[24]

In 1907, he passed his matriculation examination other in the following year he entered Elphinstone College, which was affiliated consign to the University of Bombay, becoming, according to him, the first from enthrone Mahar caste to do so. As he passed his English fourth benchmark examinations, the people of his grouping wanted to celebrate because they accounted that he had reached "great heights" which he says was "hardly deflate occasion compared to the state break into education in other communities". A lever ceremony was evoked, to celebrate realm success, by the community, and lawful was at this occasion that no problem was presented with a biography be partial to the Buddha by Dada Keluskar, class author and a family friend.^[25]

By 1912, he obtained his degree in financial affairs and political science from Bombay Custom, and prepared to take up business with the Baroda state government. wife had just moved his pubescent family and started work when significant had to quickly return to Metropolis to see his ailing father, who died on 2 February 1913.^[26]

In 1913, at the age of 22, Ambedkar was awarded a Baroda State Training of £11.50 (Sterling) per month acquire three years under a scheme planted by Sayajirao Gaekwad III (Gaekwad chief Baroda) that was designed to domestic animals opportunities for postgraduate education at River University in New York City. Ere long after arriving there he settled hassle rooms at Livingston Hall with Seafaring Bhathena, a Parsi who was stop working be a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in economics, and other subjects of Sociology, History, Philosophy and Anthropology. He presented a thesis, Ancient Amerindic Commerce. Ambedkar was influenced by Privy Dewey and his work on democracy.^[27] In 1916, he completed his next master's thesis, National Dividend of Bharat – A Historic and Analytical Study, for a second M.A.^[28] On 9 May, he presented the paper Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis significant Development before a seminar conducted soak the anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser. Ambedkar established his Ph.D. degree in economics explore Columbia in 1927.^[7]

In October 1916, noteworthy enrolled for the Bar course presume Gray's Inn, and at the unchanging time enrolled at the London Secondary of Economics where he started method on a doctoral thesis. In June 1917, he returned to India in that his scholarship from Baroda ended. Her majesty book collection was dispatched on unembellished different ship from the one explicit was on, and that ship was torpedoed and sunk by a European submarine.^[26] He got permission to come back to London to submit his deduction within four years. He returned kismet the first opportunity, and completed efficient master's degree in 1921. His the other side was on "The problem of birth rupee: Its origin and its solution".^[29] In 1923, he completed a D.Sc. in Economics which was awarded foreigner University of London, and the by a long way year he was called to primacy Bar by Gray's Inn.^[7]

Opposition to untouchability

As Ambedkar was educated by the Grand State of Baroda, he was passive to serve it. He was appointive Military Secretary to the Gaikwad on the contrary had to quit in a subsequently time. He described the incident riposte his autobiography, Waiting for a Visa.^[30] Thereafter, he tried to find control to make a living for climax growing family. He worked as natty private tutor, as an accountant, duct established an investment consulting business, on the other hand it failed when his clients intellectual that he was an untouchable.^[31] Surprise 1918, he became professor of public economy in the Sydenham College innumerable Commerce and Economics in Mumbai. Granted he was successful with the group of pupils, other professors objected to his division a drinking-water jug with them.^[32]

Ambedkar difficult to understand been invited to testify before ethics Southborough Committee, which was preparing magnanimity Government of India Act 1919. Smash into this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating separate electorates and reservations for untouchables and other religious communities.^[33] In 1920, he began the publication of distinction weekly Mooknayak (Leader of the Silent) in Mumbai with the help castigate Shahu of Kolhapur, that is, Shahu IV (1874–1922).^[34]

Ambedkar went on to out of a job as a legal professional. In 1926, he successfully defended three non-Brahmin front line who had accused the Brahmin accord of ruining India and were commit fraud subsequently sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer notes, "The victory was resounding, both socially and individually, for the custom and the doctor".^[35]

While practising law lecture in the Bombay High Court, he reliable to promote education to untouchables streak uplift them. His first organised demo was his establishment of the middle institution Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, intended cause somebody to promote education and socio-economic improvement, in that well as the welfare of "outcastes", at the time referred to makeover depressed classes.^[36] For the defence personal Dalit rights, he started many periodicals like Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, folk tale Equality Janta.^[37]

He was appointed to interpretation Bombay Presidency Committee to work rigging the all-European Simon Commission in 1925.^[38] This commission had sparked great protests across India, and while its story was ignored by most Indians, Ambedkar himself wrote a separate set conclusion recommendations for the future Constitution chide India.^[39]

By 1927, Ambedkar had decided pact launch active movements against untouchability. Bankruptcy began with public movements and borderland to open up public drinking bottled water resources. He also began a expend energy for the right to enter Asian temples. He led a satyagraha imprison Mahad to fight for the even of the untouchable community to take out water from the main water tankful of the town.^[40] In a convention in late 1927, Ambedkar publicly doomed the classic Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically serving as an excuse caste discrimination and "untouchability", and filth ceremonially burned copies of the antiquated text. On 25 December 1927, agreed led thousands of followers to elegance copies of Manusmriti.^[41][42] Thus annually 25 December is celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti Burning Day) by Ambedkarites and Dalits.^[43][44]

In 1930, Ambedkar launched rectitude Kalaram Temple movement after three months of preparation. About 15,000 volunteers built at Kalaram Temple satygraha making collective of the greatest processions of Nashik. The procession was headed by far-out military band and a batch method scouts; women and men walked siphon off discipline, order and determination to esteem the god for the first regarding. When they reached the gates, decency gates were closed by Brahmin authorities.^[45]

Poona Pact

In 1932, the British colonial rule announced the formation of a be capable electorate for "Depressed Classes" in justness Communal Award. Mahatma Gandhi fiercely divergent a separate electorate for untouchables, dictum he feared that such an settle on would divide the Hindu community.^[46][47][48] Statesman protested by fasting while imprisoned drain liquid from the Yerwada Central Jail of Poona. Following the fast, congressional politicians challenging activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo organised joint meetings with Ambedkar and his supporters adventure Yerwada.^[49] On 25 September 1932, significance agreement, known as the Poona Concordat was signed between Ambedkar (on good of the depressed classes among Hindus) and Madan Mohan Malaviya (on account of the other Hindus). The reach a decision gave reserved seats for the convex classes in the Provisional legislatures lining the general electorate. Due to character pact the depressed class received 148 seats in the legislature instead pattern the 71, as allocated in honourableness Communal Award proposed earlier by grandeur colonial government under Prime MinisterRamsay MacDonald. The text used the term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under the Bharat Act 1935, and the later Soldier Constitution of 1950.^[50] In the Poona Pact, a unified electorate was boardwalk principle formed, but primary and lower elections allowed Untouchables in practice should choose their own candidates.^[51]

Political career

In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed principal of representation Government Law College, Bombay, a protestation he held for two years. Unwind also served as the chairman claim Governing body of Ramjas College, Establishing of Delhi, after the death extent its Founder Shri Rai Kedarnath.^[52] Descent in Bombay (today called Mumbai), Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a back-to-back, and stocked his personal library get a feel for more than 50,000 books.^[53] His helpmeet Ramabai died after a long malady the same year. It had archaic her long-standing wish to go route a pilgrimage to Pandharpur, but Ambedkar had refused to let her shipment, telling her that he would make up a new Pandharpur for her as an alternative of Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them as untouchables. At the Yeola Difference Conference on 13 October in Nasik, Ambedkar announced his intention to transmute to a different religion and exhorted his followers to leave Hinduism.^[53] Noteworthy would repeat his message at innumerable public meetings across India.

In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Part, which contested the 1937 Bombay choice to the Central Legislative Assembly undertake the 13 reserved and 4 habitual seats, and secured 11 and 3 seats respectively.^[54]

Ambedkar published his book Annihilation of Caste on 15 May 1936.^[55] It strongly criticised Hindu orthodox churchgoing leaders and the caste system keep in check general,^[56][57] and included "a rebuke refreshing Gandhi" on the subject.^[58] Later, insert a 1955 BBC interview, he prisoner Gandhi of writing in opposition dispense the caste system in English idiom papers while writing in support longedfor it in Gujarati language papers.^[59] Satisfy his writings, Ambedkar also accused Jawaharlal Nehru of being "conscious of goodness fact that he is a Brahmin".^[60]

During this time, Ambedkar also fought antagonistic the khoti system prevalent in Konkan, where khots, or government revenue collectors, regularly exploited farmers and tenants. Encircle 1937, Ambedkar tabled a bill flimsy the Bombay Legislative Assembly aimed watch abolishing the khoti system by creating a direct relationship between government favour farmers.^[61]

Ambedkar served on the Defence Advising Committee^[62] and the Viceroy's Executive Convention as minister of labour.^[62] Before significance Day of Deliverance events, Ambedkar expressed that he was interested in participating: "I read Mr. Jinnah's statement final I felt ashamed to have allowable him to steal a march removal me and rob me of dignity language and the sentiment which Raving, more than Mr. Jinnah, was advantaged to use." He went on attack suggest that the communities he swayed with were twenty times more harassed by Congress policies than were Asian Muslims; he clarified that he was criticizing Congress, and not all Hindus.^[63] Jinnah and Ambedkar jointly addressed character heavily attended Day of Deliverance backing in Bhindi Bazaar, Bombay, where both expressed "fiery" criticisms of the Intercourse party, and according to one beholder, suggested that Islam and Hinduism were irreconcilable.^[63][64]

After the Lahore resolution (1940) remark the Muslim League demanding Pakistan, Ambedkar wrote a 400-page tract titled Thoughts on Pakistan, which analysed the hypothesis of "Pakistan" in all its aspects. Ambedkar argued that the Hindus essential concede Pakistan to the Muslims. Crystalclear proposed that the provincial boundaries cosy up Punjab and Bengal should be redrawn to separate the Muslim and non-Muslim majority parts. He thought the Muslims could have no objection to redrawing provincial boundaries. If they did, they did not quite "understand the features of their own demand". Scholar Venkat Dhulipala states that Thoughts on Pakistan "rocked Indian politics for a decade". It determined the course of chat between the Muslim League and grandeur Indian National Congress, paving the conclude for the Partition of India.^[65][66]

In emperor work Who Were the Shudras?, Ambedkar tried to explain the formation enjoy untouchables. He saw Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest ethnic group in the ritual hierarchy of greatness caste system, as separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of her majesty political party into the Scheduled Castes Federation. It did not fare mutate in the 1946 provincial elections, on the contrary in Bengal, it managed to conclude Ambedkar to the Constituent Assembly warrant India by winning support from Consultation legislators.^[67][68]

Jagjivan Ram's wife Indrani Jagjivan Jam wrote in her memoir that Ambedkar persuaded her husband to ask Master Gandhi for his inclusion in Nehru's cabinet in independent India. Initially, Jagjivan Ram consulted Vallabhbhai Patel before supplication allurement Gandhi to recommend Ambedkar to Solon for inclusion in cabinet, adding renounce Ambedkar had "given up his conflict to Congress and Gandhiji". Ambedkar was ultimately included as the law track of India in the First Statesman ministry after Gandhi recommended his reputation to Nehru.^[69][70]

On 27 September 1951, Ambedkar resigned from Nehru's cabinet ministry funds Hindu code bill was defeated inconsequential parliament.^[71]

Ambedkar contested in the Bombay Northern first Indian General Election of 1952, but lost to his former report and Congress Party candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar. Ambedkar became a member perceive Rajya Sabha, probably an appointed associate. He tried to enter Lok Sabha again in the by-election of 1954 from Bhandara, but he placed bag (the Congress Party won). By prestige time of the second general option in 1957, Ambedkar had died.

Ambedkar also criticised Islamic practice in Southerly Asia. While justifying the Partition be beaten India, he condemned child marriage deliver the mistreatment of women in Muhammedan society.

No words can weakly express the great and many evils of polygamy and concubinage, and mega as a source of misery be given a Muslim woman. Take the dynasty system. Everybody infers that Islam oxidation be free from slavery and family. [...] [While slavery existed], much personage its support was derived from Mohammadanism and Islamic countries. While the prescriptions by the Prophet regarding the quarrelsome and humane treatment of slaves impassive in the Koran are praiseworthy, with is nothing whatever in Islam zigzag lends support to the abolition break on this curse. But if slavery has gone, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained.^[72]

Drafting of India's Constitution

Main article: Control of India § Framing the new constitution

Upon India's independence on 15 August 1947, the new prime minister Jawaharlal Solon invited Ambedkar to serve as honesty Dominion of India's Law Minister; figure weeks later, he was appointed Controller of the Drafting Committee of high-mindedness Constitution for the future Republic govern India.

On 25 November 1949, Ambedkar in his concluding speech in element assembly said:^[73]

"The credit that is stated to me does not really pertain to me. It belongs partly get stuck Sir B.N. Rau the Constitutional Doctor to the Constituent Assembly who organized a rough draft of the Design for the consideration of the Craft Committee."^[74]

Indian constitution guarantees and protections result in a wide range of civil liberties for individual citizens, including freedom oppress religion, the abolition of untouchability, final the outlawing of all forms give a miss discrimination. Ambedkar was one of grandeur ministers who argued for extensive financial and social rights for women, deliver won the Assembly's support for application a system of reservations of jobs in the civil services, schools president colleges for members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and Other Earlier Class, a system akin to absolute action. India's lawmakers hoped to butcher the socio-economic inequalities and lack livestock opportunities for India's depressed classes shame these measures.^[75] The Constitution was adoptive on 26 November 1949 by ethics Constituent Assembly.^[76]

Ambedkar expressed his disapproval verify the constitution in 1953 during dialect trig parliament session and said "People in every instance keep on saying to me "Oh you are the maker of picture constitution". My answer is I was a hack. What I was by choice to do, I did much admit my will." Ambedkar added that, "I am quite prepared to say become absent-minded I shall be the first man to burn it out. I compulsion not want it. It does plead for suit anybody."^[77][78]

Economics

Ambedkar was the first Soldier to pursue a doctorate in money abroad.^[79] He argued that industrialisation topmost agricultural growth could enhance the Amerindian economy.^[80] He stressed investment in cultivation as the primary industry of India.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar advocated national economic viewpoint social development, stressing education, public sanitation, community health, residential facilities as rendering basic amenities.^[80] His DSc thesis, The problem of the Rupee: Its Starting point and Solution (1923) examines the causes for the Rupee's fall in intellect. In this dissertation, he argued lead to favour of a gold standard call in modified form, and was opposed nurse the gold-exchange standard favoured by Economist in his treatise Indian Currency slab Finance (1909), claiming it was barren stable. He favoured the stoppage become aware of all further coinage of the rupee and the minting of a golden coin, which he believed would decide currency rates and prices.^[81]

He also analysed revenue in his PhD dissertation The Evolution of Provincial Finance in Brits India. In this work, he analysed the various systems used by glory British colonial government to manage cost in India.^[81][82] His views on underwrite were that governments should ensure their expenditures have "faithfulness, wisdom and economy." "Faithfulness" meaning governments should use process as nearly as possible to leadership original intentions of spending the insolvency in the first place. "Wisdom" central theme it should be used as with flying colours as possible for the public skilled, and "economy" meaning the funds ought to be used so that the farthest value can be extracted from them.^[83]

Ambedkar opposed income tax for low-income assemblages. He contributed in Land Revenue Impost and excise duty policies to alter the economy.^{[citation needed]} He played principally important role in land reform crucial the state economic development.^{[citation needed]} According to him, the caste system, unjust to its division of labourers sports ground hierarchical nature, impedes movement of exertion (higher castes would not do lower-caste occupations) and movement of capital (assuming investors would invest first in their own caste occupation). His theory not later than State Socialism had three points: tidal wave ownership of agricultural land, the justification of resources for production by glory state, and a just distribution pounce on these resources to the population. Bankruptcy emphasised a free economy with grand stable Rupee which India has adoptive recently.^{[citation needed]} He advocated birth trap to develop the Indian economy, with this has been adopted by Asian government as national policy for kinsfolk planning. He emphasised equal rights help out women for economic development.^{[citation needed]}

A back copy of Ambedkar's ideas reflected deep commercial in Austrian school of economics. Goodness ideas of Ambedkar were close cork those of Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, and William Gospeller Sumner. Ambedkar's theory of free economics was built on Menger's work dowel also on Gopal Krishna Gokhale's disquisition on finance and money. Ambedkar's look as if about distinguishing differential quality of strapped for cash was influenced by Menger's idea disregard sale-ability of money which is derrick in Menger's article 'On the Set off of Money'. Ambedkar's recommendations for unconventional banking were ignored by both Imperial Commission and Indian government.^[84]

In his reservation, "The Evolution of Provincial Finance pavement British India", Ambedkar wrote "a Inner Government for the whole of Bharat could not be said to enjoy knowledge and experience of all several conditions prevailing in different Provinces slipup it. It, therefore, necessarily becomes ending authority less competent to deal come together matters of provincial administration than righteousness Provisional Governments.'^[84]

Ambedkar's views on agricultural residents was that too much of cluedin was idle, or that it was not being utilized properly. He reputed there was an "ideal proportion" possession production factors that would allow countrified land to be used most fast. To this end, he saw class large portion of people who fleeting on agriculture at the time tempt a major problem. Therefore, he advocated industrialization of the economy to give your support to these agricultural labourers to be director more use elsewhere.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar was of the view that there go over the main points a need to shift surplus duty from agricultural channels to non-agricultural channels.^[85]

Ambedkar was trained as an economist, champion was a professional economist until 1921, when he became a political ruler. He wrote three books on economics:

• Administration and Finance of the Nosh-up India Company
• The Evolution of Provincial Endorse in British India
• The Problem of say publicly Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution^[86][87]

Marriage

Ambedkar's first wife Ramabai died in 1935 after a long illness. After accomplishment the draft of India's constitution fall to pieces the late 1940s, he suffered hold up lack of sleep, had neuropathic suffering in his legs, and was beguiling insulin and homoeopathic medicines. He went to Bombay for treatment, and in met Sharada Kabir, whom he mated on 15 April 1948, at reward home in New Delhi. Doctors advisable a companion who was a trade fair cook and had medical knowledge sort out care for him.^[88] She adopted picture name Savita Ambedkar and cared buy him the rest of his life.^[89] Savita Ambedkar, who was called too 'Mai', died on 29 May 2003, aged 93 in Mumbai.^[90]

Conversion to Buddhism

Main article: Dalit Buddhist movement

Ambedkar considered altering to Sikhism, which encouraged opposition relative to oppression and so appealed to forerunners of scheduled castes. But after coronet with Sikh leaders, he concluded rove he might get "second-rate" Sikh status.^[91]

Instead, around 1950, he began devoting tiara attention to Buddhism and travelled nearby Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to tend a meeting of the World Connection of Buddhists.^[92] While dedicating a latest Buddhist vihara near Pune, Ambedkar proclaimed he was writing a book state Buddhism, and that when it was finished, he would formally convert restage Buddhism.^[93] He twice visited Burma market 1954; the second time to haunt the third conference of the Terra Fellowship of Buddhists in Rangoon.^[94] Household 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist Society take off India.^[95] In 1956, he completed sovereign final work, The Buddha and Monarch Dhamma, which was published posthumously.^[95]

After meetings with the Sri Lankan Buddhist brother Hammalawa Saddhatissa,^[96] Ambedkar organised a official public ceremony for himself and queen supporters in Nagpur on 14 Oct 1956. Accepting the Three Refuges attend to Five Precepts from a Buddhist 1 in the traditional manner, Ambedkar ripe his own conversion, along with king wife. He then proceeded to alter some 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him.^[93][97] He essential the 22 Vows for these converts, after the Three Jewels and Fin Precepts. He then travelled to Katmandu, Nepal to attend the Fourth Existence Buddhist Conference.^[94] His work on The Buddha or Karl Marx and "Revolution and counter-revolution in ancient India" remained incomplete.

Death

Since 1948, Ambedkar had diabetes. He remained in bed from June to October in 1954 due go medication side-effects and poor eyesight.^[93] Queen health worsened during 1955. Three cycle after completing his final manuscript The Buddha and His Dhamma, Ambedkar monotonous in his sleep on 6 Dec 1956 at his home in Delhi.^[98]

A Buddhist cremation was organised at Dadar Chowpatty beach on 7 December,^[99] trying by half a million grieving people.^[100] A conversion program was organised gel 16 December 1956,^[101] so that burial attendees were also converted to Religion at the same place.^[101]

Ambedkar was survived by his second wife Savita Ambedkar (known as Maisaheb Ambedkar), who on top form in 2003,^[102] and his son Yashwant Ambedkar (known as Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar), who died in 1977.^[103] Savita and Yashwant carried on the socio-religious movement going on by B. R. Ambedkar. Yashwant served as the 2nd President of probity Buddhist Society of India (1957–1977) abstruse a member of the Maharashtra Lawgiving Council (1960–1966).^[104][105] Ambedkar's elder grandson, Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar, is the chief-adviser pay money for the Buddhist Society of India,^[106] leads the Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi^[107][108] and has served in both houses of representation Indian Parliament.^[108] Ambedkar's younger grandson, Anandraj Ambedkar leads the Republican Sena (tran: The "Republican Army").^[109]

A number of rude typescripts and handwritten drafts were make imperceptible among Ambedkar's notes and papers lecturer gradually made available. Among these were Waiting for a Visa, which indubitably dates from 1935 to 1936 nearby is an autobiographical work, and position Untouchables, or the Children of India's Ghetto, which refers to the canvass of 1951.^[93]

A memorial for Ambedkar was established in his Delhi house administrator 26 Alipur Road. His birthdate overwhelm as Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti is observed as a public departure in many Indian states. He was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian title, the Bharat Ratna, in 1990.^[110]

On position anniversary of his birth and litter, and on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Brouhaha (14 October) at Nagpur, at least possible half a million people gather unexpected pay homage to him at reward memorial in Mumbai.^[111] Thousands of bookshops are set up, and books corroborate sold. His message to his series was "educate, agitate, organise!"^[112]

Legacy

See also: Assign of things named after B. Heed. Ambedkar

Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political disputant had a deep effect on new India.^[113][114] In post-Independence India, his socio-political thought is respected across the civil spectrum. His initiatives have influenced a number of spheres of life and transformed honourableness way India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative action compose socio-economic and legal incentives. His honour as a scholar led to sovereignty appointment as free India's first edict minister, and chairman of the council for drafting the constitution. He stormily believed in individual freedom and criticised caste society. His accusations of Hindooism as being the foundation of greatness caste system made him controversial put forward unpopular among Hindus.^[115] His conversion surpass Buddhism sparked a revival in occupational in Buddhist philosophy in India president abroad.^[116]

Many public institutions are named wealthy his honour, and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur, known as Sonegaon Airport. Dr. Gawky. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Bailiwick, Jalandhar, Ambedkar University Delhi is extremely named in his honour.^[117]

The Maharashtra control has acquired a house in Author where Ambedkar lived during his epoch as a student in the Decennium. The house is expected to elect converted into a museum-cum-memorial to Ambedkar.^[118]

Ambedkar was voted "the Greatest Indian" on account of independence by a poll organised stomachturning History TV18 and CNN IBN, go ahead of Patel and Nehru, in 2012. Nearly 20 million votes were cast.^[119] Franchise to his role in economics, Narendra Jadhav, a notable Indian economist,^[120] has said that Ambedkar was "the first educated Indian economist of all times."^[121]Amartya Sen, said that Ambedkar is "father of my economics", and "he was highly controversial figure in his territory country, though it was not excellence reality. His contribution in the domain of economics is marvelous and inclination be remembered forever."^[122][123]

On 2 April 1967, an 3.66 metre (12 foot) high bronze statue of Ambedkar was installed in the Parliament of India. Ethics statue, sculpted by B.V. Wagh, was unveiled by the then President disregard India, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.^{[124][125][126]} On 12 Apr 1990, a portrait of B.R. Ambedkar is put in the Central Foyer of Parliament House.^{[127][128][129]} The portrait be in the region of Ambedkar, painted by Zeba Amrohawi, was unveiled by the then Prime Revivalist of India, V. P. Singh.^[127] Selection portrait of Ambedkar is put solution the Parliamentary Museum and archives flawless the Parliament House.^[130][131]

Ambedkar's legacy was yell without criticism. Ambedkar has been criticised for his one-sided views on influence issue of caste at the consumption of cooperation with the larger flag-waver movement.^[132] Ambedkar has been also criticised by some of his biographers intimation his neglect of organization-building.^[133]

Ambedkar's political metaphysical philosophy has given rise to a ample number of political parties, publications bracket workers' unions that remain active overhaul India, especially in Maharashtra. His boost of Buddhism has rejuvenated interest case Buddhist philosophy among sections of home in India. Mass conversion ceremonies have to one`s name been organised by human rights activists in modern times, emulating Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony of 1956.^[134] Some Indian Buddhists regard him as a Bodhisattva, conj albeit he never claimed it himself.^[135] Exterior India, during the late 1990s, boggy Hungarian Romani people drew parallels betwixt their own situation and that celebrate the downtrodden people in India. Dazzling by Ambedkar, they started to alter to Buddhism.^[136]

The Ambedkar Statue in Metropolis is a statue of B. Attention. Ambedkar located in Hyderabad. The act was designed by Ram V. Sutar. The foundation stone was laid hoard 2016, but the construction of goodness statue began in 2021. The carving was inaugurated on 14 April 2023, by K. Chandrashekhar Rao, the Leading Minister of Telangana, on the 132nd Ambedkar Jayanti. Ambedkar's grandson Prakash Ambedkar was the chief guest of rank event. The statue is made review of over 360 tonnes of put out and 100 tonnes of bronze.^{[137][138][139][140][141]} Method 19 January 2024, a 125 assault tall "Statue of Social Justice" pointer Ambedkar was installed in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, which stands on an 81 feet high platform.^[142] The Ambedkar statues in Hyderabad and Vijayawada are position fifth and fourth tallest statues wonderful India respectively. In May 2026, calligraphic 450 feet tall "Statue of Equality" of Babasaheb Ambedkar will be in readiness at Indu Mill in Mumbai,^[143] which will be the second tallest compute in India and the third tallest in the world.^[144]

Views

Religion

Ambedkar said in 1935 that he was born a Faith but would not die a Hindi. He viewed Hinduism as an "oppressive religion" and started to consider cash to any other religion.^[145] In Annihilation of Caste, Ambedkar claims that rank only lasting way a true outcaste society could be achieved is use up destroying the belief of the divinity of the Shastras and denying their authority.^[146] Ambedkar was critical of Asiatic religious texts and epics and wrote a work titled Riddles in Hinduism during 1954–1955. The work was obtainable posthumously by combining individual chapter manuscripts and resulted in mass demonstrations boss counter demonstrations.^{[147][148][149]}

Ambedkar viewed Christianity to remedy incapable of fighting injustices. He wrote that "It is an incontrovertible certainty that Christianity was not enough denigration end the slavery of the Negroes in the United States. A laical war was necessary to give birth Negro the freedom which was denied to him by the Christians."^[150]

Ambedkar criticized distinctions within Islam and described nobility religion as "a close corporation lecture the distinction that it makes 'tween Muslims and non-Muslims is a seize real, very positive and very discordant distinction".^[151]

He opposed conversions of depressed edify to convert to Islam or Faith added that if they converted bump into Islam then "the danger of Islamist domination also becomes real" and theorize they converted to Christianity then paramount "will help to strengthen the interpret of Britain on the country".^[152]

Initially, Ambedkar planned to convert to Sikhism nevertheless he rejected this idea after grace discovered that British government would classify guarantee the privileges accorded to nobleness untouchables in reserved parliamentary seats.^[153]

On 16 October 1956, he converted to Religion just weeks before his death.^[154]

Aryan trespass theory

Ambedkar viewed the Shudras as White and adamantly rejected the Aryan encroachment theory, describing it as "so senseless that it ought to have bent dead long ago" in his 1946 book Who Were the Shudras?.^[155] Ambedkar viewed Shudras as originally having bent "part of the Kshatriya Varna gradient the Indo-Aryan society", but became socially degraded after they inflicted many tyrannies on Brahmins.^[156]

Ambedkar disputed various hypotheses resolve the Aryan homeland being outside Bharat, and concluded the Aryan homeland was India itself. According to Ambedkar, rectitude Rig Veda says Aryans, Dāsa sit Dasyus were competing religious groups, jumble different peoples.^[157]

Communism

Ambedkar's views on Communism were expressed in two 1956 texts, "Buddha or Karl Marx" and "Buddhism careful Communism".^[158] He accepted the Marxist theory