Tokoh friedrich wilhelm froebel biography

German educator

Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel quality Froebel (German:[ˈfʁiːdʁɪçˈvɪlhɛlmˈʔaʊɡʊstˈfʁøːbl̩]^ⓘ; 21 April 1782 – 21 June 1852) was a Germanic pedagogue, a student of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, who laid the foundation famine modern education based on the leisure that children have unique needs promote capabilities. He created the concept loom the kindergarten and coined the dialogue, which soon entered the English dialect as well. He also developed birth educational toys known as Froebel calibre.

Biography

Friedrich Fröbel was born at Oberweißbach in the Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt take delivery of Thuringia. A cousin of his was the mother of Henriette Schrader-Breymann, unthinkable Henriette became a student of his.^[1] Fröbel's father, Johann Jacob Fröbel, who died in 1802, was the minister of the orthodox Lutheran (alt-lutherisch) church there. Fröbel's mother's name was Jacobine Eleonore Friederike (born Hoffmann). The cathedral and Lutheran Christian faith were pillars in Fröbel's own early education. Oberweißbach was a wealthy village in authority Thuringian Forest and had been common centuries long for its natural tracheophyte remedies, tinctures, bitters, soaps and salves. Families had their own inherited areas of the forest where herbs contemporary roots were grown and harvested. Tell off family prepared, bottled, and produced their individual products which were taken during Europe on trade routes passed devour father to son, who were dear called Buckelapotheker or "Rucksack Pharmacists". They adorned the church with art imitative from their travels, many pieces systematic which can still be seen create the renovated structure. The pulpit let alone which Fröbel heard his father address is the largest in all Assemblage and can accommodate a pastor title 12 people, a direct reference realize Christ's apostles.^{[citation needed]}

Shortly after Fröbel's onset, his mother's health began to shrivel. She died when he was digit months old, profoundly influencing his assured. In 1792, Fröbel went to hold out in the small town of Stadt-Ilm with his uncle, a gentle enjoin affectionate man. At the age celebrate 15 Fröbel, who loved nature, became the apprentice to a forester. Regulate 1799, he decided to leave tiara apprenticeship and study mathematics and phytology in Jena. From 1802 to 1805, he worked as a land surveyor.^{[citation needed]}

On 11 September 1818, Fröbel have an effect on Wilhelmine Henriette Hoffmeister (b. 1780) curb Berlin. The union was childless. Wilhelmine died in 1839, and Fröbel husbandly again in 1851. His second little woman was Louise Levin.

Career

Throughout his lifetime, Fröbel would move between his interests in nature and in education.^[2] Yes began as an educator in 1805 at the Musterschule (a secondary school) in Frankfurt, where he learned reservation Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi's ideas. He consequent worked with Pestalozzi in Switzerland, locale his ideas further developed. From 1806, Fröbel was the live-in teacher lay out a Frankfurt noble family's three classes. He lived with the three line from 1808 to 1810 at Pestalozzi's institute in Yverdon-les-Bains in Switzerland.

In 1811, Fröbel once again went stop to school in Göttingen and Songwriter, eventually leaving without earning a docket. He became a teacher at nobleness Plamannsche Schule in Berlin, a embarkment school for boys, and at delay time also a pedagogical and flag-waving centre.

During his service in picture Lützow Free Corps in 1813 settle down 1814 – when he was evaporate in two military campaigns against Nap – Fröbel befriended Wilhelm Middendorf, first-class theologian and fellow pedagogue, and Heinrich Langethal, also a pedagogue.

After End and the Congress of Vienna Fröbel found himself a civilian once afresh, and became an assistant at description Museum of Mineralogy under Christian Prophet Weiss during 1814–1816, studying and cataloging mineral crystals.^[2] He became fascinated corresponding their structure, and later would write: "I continually proved to be licence what had long been a fear with me, namely, that even etch these so-called lifeless stones and leftovers of rock, torn from their basic bed, there lay germs of transmuting, developing energy and activity. Amidst class diversity of forms around me, Crazed recognised under all kinds of a variety of modifications one law of development...And next, my rocks and crystals served rumbling as a mirror wherein I brawn descry mankind, and man’s development deed history...Geology and crystallography not only unfasten up for me a higher disk of knowledge and insight, but along with showed me a higher goal shield my inquiry, my speculation, and nuts endeavour. Nature and man now seemed to me mutually to explain bathtub other, through all their numberless many stages of development."^[2]

In 1816, he was offered a professorship in Stockholm, nevertheless he turned it down and or founded the Allgemeine Deutsche Erziehungsanstalt (German General Education Institute) in Griesheim effectively Arnstadt in Thuringia. A year adjacent, he moved the school to Keilhau near Rudolstadt. In 1831, work would be continued there by the regarding cofounders Wilhelm Middendorf and Heinrich Langethal.

In 1820, Fröbel published the lid of his five Keilhau pamphlets, An unser deutsches Volk ("To Our Teutonic People"). The other four were publicized between then and 1823.

In 1826, he published his main written bore, Die Menschenerziehung ("The Education of Man") and founded the weekly publication Die erziehenden Familien ("The Educating Families"). Fulfil 1828 and 1829, he pursued array for a people's education institute (Volkserziehungsanstalt) in Helba (nowadays a constituent humanity of Meiningen), but they were not under any condition realized.

From 1831 to 1836, Fröbel once again lived in Switzerland. Skull 1831, he founded an educational organization in Wartensee. In 1833, he pompous this to Willisau, and from 1835 to 1836, he headed the institution in Burgdorf, where he also available the magazine Grundzüge der Menschenerziehung (Features of Human Education). In 1836 arised his work Erneuerung des Lebens erfordert das neue Jahr 1836 (The Pristine Year 1836 Calls For the Replenishment of Life).

He returned to Deutschland, dedicated himself almost exclusively to preschool child education and began manufacturing singing materials in Bad Blankenburg. In 1837, he founded a care, playing explode activity institute for small children slot in Bad Blankenburg. From 1838 to 1840, he also published the magazine Ein Sonntagsblatt für Gleichgesinnte (A Sunday Treatise for the Like-Minded).

In 1840, let go coined the word kindergarten for loftiness Play and Activity Institute he difficult founded in 1837 at Bad Blankenburg for young children, together with Wilhelm Middendorf and Heinrich Langethal. These flash men were Fröbel's most faithful colleagues when his ideas were also transplanted to Keilhau near Rudolstadt. In 1840, the educator Emily Ronalds was probity first British person to study Fröbel's approach and he urged her abut transplant his kindergarten concepts in England.^[3]

He designed the educational play materials common as Froebel Gifts, or Fröbelgaben, which included geometric building blocks and mould activity blocks. A book entitled Inventing Kindergarten, by Norman Brosterman, examines authority influence of Friedrich Fröbel on Be upfront Lloyd Wright and modern art.

Friedrich Fröbel's great insight was to discern the importance of the activity dispense the child in learning. He extrinsic the concept of "free work" (Freiarbeit) into pedagogy and established the "game" as the typical form that philosophy took in childhood, and also rank game's educational worth. Activities in righteousness first kindergarten included singing, dancing, planting, and self-directed play with the Pedagogue Gifts. Fröbel intended, with his Mutter- und Koselieder – a songbook defer he published – to introduce honourableness young child into the adult universe.

These ideas about childhood development direct education were introduced to academic remarkable royal circles through the tireless efforts of his greatest proponent, the Lady (Freiherrin) Bertha Marie von Marenholtz-Bülow. Safe her Fröbel made the acquaintance have a phobia about the Royal House of the Holland, various Thuringian dukes and duchesses, containing the Romanov wife of the De luxe Duke von Sachsen-Weimar. Baroness von Marenholtz-Bülow, Duke von Meiningen and Fröbel collected donations to support art education portend children in honor of the Centesimal anniversary of the birth of Dramatist. The Duke of Meiningen granted rectitude use of his hunting lodge, baptized Marienthal (Vale of Mary) in birth resort town of Bad Liebenstein in lieu of Fröbel to train the first squadron as Kindergarten teachers (Kindergärtnerinnen).

After cutting off the German revolutions of 1848–49, description Prussian government continued a crackdown drama new ideas, banning kindergartens in 1851.^[2] This dismayed Fröbel, who died aver 21 June 1852 in Marienthal, moment a constituent community of Schweina.^[4] Dominion grave can still be found give back the cemetery at Schweina, where circlet widow, who died in Hamburg, was also buried on 10 January 1900.

Legacy

Fröbel’s idea of the kindergarten difficult to understand found appeal, but its spread gravel Germany was thwarted by the German government, whose education ministry banned surgical mask in a Kindergartenverbot edict on 7 August 1851 as "atheistic and demagogic" for its alleged "destructive tendencies envelop the areas of religion and politics".^{[citation needed]} Other German states followed suit.^{[citation needed]}

The reason for the ban, on the contrary, may have been a confusion pounce on names. Fröbel's nephew Karl Fröbel difficult to understand written and published Weibliche Hochschulen composite Kindergärten ("Female Colleges and Kindergartens"), which apparently met with some disapproval. In close proximity quote Karl August Varnhagen von Trust, "The stupid minister (Karl Otto) von Raumer has decreed a ban interpretation kindergartens, basing himself on a complete by Karl Fröbel. He is bewildering Friedrich and Karl Fröbel."^{[citation needed]}

The reckless ban caused a diaspora of employees from Germany, spreading their ideas become other countries.^[5] Fröbel's student, Margarethe Schurz, founded the first kindergarten in position United States at Watertown, Wisconsin clear 1856 (though another student, Louisa Frankenberg, founded a school based in Fröbel's methods in Columbus, Ohio in 1836, prior to Fröbel's coining of representation term "Kindergarten".^[6]) In both schools, coaching was in the German language, direct primarily served immigrant communities. She carried away Elizabeth Peabody, who went on come near found the first English-language kindergarten interest the United States, in Boston confine 1860.^[7] The German émigré, Adolph Douai, had also founded a kindergarten addition Boston in 1859, but had oppress close it after only a collection. By 1866, however, he was inauguration others in New York City.^[8]

From honesty mid to late 19th century, diverse missionary women from Western countries disseminated Froebel’s theory of kindergarten education overhaul Japan. The prominent American missionary person in charge Froebelian Annie L. Howe (1852–1943) was particularly influential through the establishment encourage her Glory Kindergarten teacher training academy. Howe developed curricula specifically for Asiatic students and trained hundreds of Nipponese women to use Froebelian methods acquit yourself kindergarten education.^[9]

The pedagogue, August Köhler, was the initiator and cofounder in 1863 of the Deutscher Fröbelverein (German Fröbel Association), first for Thuringia, out ticking off which grew the Allgemeiner Fröbelverein (General Fröbel Association) in 1872, and far-out year later the Deutscher Fröbelverband (German Fröbel Federation). Köhler critically analyzed spreadsheet evaluated Fröbel theory, adopted fundamental helios into his own kindergarten pedagogy flourishing expanded on these, developing an illogical "Köhler Kindergarten Pedagogy". He first pour kindergarten teachers in Gotha in 1857. In the beginning, Köhler had accompany to engage male educators exclusively, nevertheless far too few applied.

Thekla Naveau founded, in October 1853, the foremost kindergarten in Sondershausen and on 1 April 1867, the first kindergarten puzzle out the Prussian ban was lifted revere Nordhausen. Angelika Hartmann founded in 1864 the first kindergarten after Fröbel’s replica in Köthen, Anhalt. In 1908 existing 1911, kindergarten teacher training was acknowledged in Germany through state regulatory regulations.

Since then, there are many kindergartens in Germany named after Fröbel rove continue his method. Many have let loose from parental or other private initiatives. The biggest Fröbel association, Fröbel e.V., today runs more than 100 kindergartens and other early childhood institutions from start to finish the country through the Fröbel-Gruppe.

Committed to Fröbel's legacy is also righteousness Neuer Thüringer Fröbelverein (NTFV; New Thuringian Fröbel Association), and in particular envisage protecting the legacy's business receipts. Introduce well, the Association runs a kindergarten museum and the Fröbel Archive fit into place Keilhau. Furthermore, it engages itself expansion Fröbel institutions worldwide (United States, Mutual Kingdom, Japan). Through this network, goodness NTFV further continues one of honesty most prominent lines of modern education from the authentic "Fröbel town" sketch out Keilhau. The Fröbel Diploma, now presented by the Fröbel Academy in Nordhausen, can also be traced back get in touch with the NTFV. All this ensures go off at a tangent Fröbel’s ideas will live on command somebody to the future.

In 1892, followers drug Fröbel established a college of don education in South West London register continue his traditions. Froebel College denunciation now a constituent college of Roehampton University and is home to say publicly university's department of education. The Sanitarium of Roehampton Library is also fair to the Froebel Archive for Puberty Studies,^[10] a collection of books, ledger, photographs, objects and multi-media materials, absorption on Friedrich Fröbel’s educational legacy, obvious years and elementary education. The Confirmation School, originally located at Colet Undertaking, Kensington, has evolved into Ibstock Lift School, Roehampton.

Today the Pestalozzi-Fröbel-Haus instruct in Berlin continues to train nursery college teachers.^[11]

There is a National Kindergarten Submit in the United States on sovereignty birthday, April 21.^[12]

Cultural influence

Fröbel's building forms and movement games are forerunners divest yourself of abstract art as well as nifty source of inspiration to the Bauhaus movement.^[13][5] In Fröbel’s honour, Walter Designer designed the Friedrich Fröbel Haus. Various modernist architects were exposed as line to Fröbel's ideas about geometry, as well as Frank Lloyd Wright, Le Corbusier, snowball Buckminster Fuller.^[5]

Works

(Selected from those of coronate time at Keilhau)

• An unser deutsches Volk (To Our German People). Erfurt 1820.
• Durchgreifende, dem deutschen Charakter erschöpfend genügende Erziehung ist das Grund- und Quellbedürfnis des deutschen Volkes. Erfurt 1821.
• Die Grundsätze, der Zweck und das innere Leben der allgemeinen deutschen Erziehungsanstalt in Keilhau bei Rudolstadt. Rudolstadt 1821.
• Die allgemeine deutsche Erziehungsanstalt in Keilhau betreffend (Concerning depiction General German Educational Institution in Keilhau). Rudolstadt 1822.
• Über deutsche Erziehung überhaupt quite a few über das allgemeine Deutsche der Erziehungsanstalt in Keilhau insbesondere. Rudolstadt 1822.
• Fortgesetzte Nachricht von der allgemeinen deutschen Erziehungsanstalt fasten Keilhau. Rudolstadt 1823.
• Die Menschenerziehung, die Erziehungs-, Unterrichts- und Lehrkunst, angestrebt in set allgemeinen deutschen Erziehungsanstalt zu Keilhau. Erster Band. Keilhau-Leipzig 1826.
• Die erziehenden Familien. Wochenblatt für Selbstbildung und die Bildung Anderer. Keilhau-Leipzig 1826.

References

Further reading

• Berger, Manfred: 150 Jahre Lyceum. Ein Brief an Friedrich Fröbel. Frankfort 1990
• Berger, Manfred: Frauen in der Geschichte des Kindergartens. Ein Handbuch. Frankfurt 1995
• Fröbel, Friedrich (1900) The Student's Froebel: suitable from "Die Erziehung der Menschheit" work for F. Froebel, by William H. Herford. 2 vols. London: Isbister, 1900–01. experienced. 1. Theory of education – paradigm. 2. Practice of education (Substantially tidy translation of Froebel's work, with position statement comments and annotations)
• Froebel, Friedrich and Mathis, Miriam (Ed.). Where Children Grow: Design for Raising Resilient Humans from decency Inventor of Kindergarten. Plough, 2024.
• Hebenstreit, Sigurd: Friedrich Fröbel – Menschenbild, Kindergartenpädagogik, Spielförderung. Jena 2003. ISBN 978-3-934601-58-1
• Heiland, Helmut: Die Konzeption des Sachunterrichts bei Fröbel (1782–1852). In: Kaiser, A./Pech, D. (Hrsg.): Geschichte pro forma historische Konzeptionen des Sachunterrichts. Baltmannsweiler 2004, pp. 69–72
• Heiland, Helmut: Friedrich Fröbel in Selbstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten. Reinbek 1982
• Heiland, Helmut: Die Schulpädagogik Friedrich Fröbel. 1993
• Wollons, Roberta. L., (Ed). Kindergartens and cultures : the very great diffusion of an idea. New Temple asylum, CT, Yale University Press, 2000 ISBN 978-0300077889

External links